Lipid Transfer Protein Allergens: A Comprehensive Overview of Current Knowledge

Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) constitute a widely distributed family of plant allergens with substantial clinical relevance, particularly in food allergy. Their marked thermal and proteolytic stability enables them to provoke reactions ranging from mild local symptoms to severe anaphylaxis. This narrative review synthesises current knowledge on nsLTP allergens, focusing on their molecular characteristics, taxonomic distribution, exposure routes, and clinical impact. Major allergenic sources include fruits, nuts and seeds, vegetables and cereals, as well as various pollens. Across these sources, Pru p 3 has emerged as the central and most extensively studied allergen, frequently acting as the primary sensitiser and exhibiting broad cross-reactivity with homologous nsLTPs from diverse plant species. Despite growing evidence, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding sensitisation pathways, environmental modifiers, and phenotype stratification. Continued research is required to improve diagnostic precision and guide the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for patients with nsLTP-mediated allergy.