The study reveals diverse clinical manifestations of ocular syphilis in MSM with high HIV co-infection rates, suggesting important health implications.
Ocular syphilis showed marked male predominance (9:1) and high HIV co-infection rates. HIV positivity was linked to high-risk sexual behaviours, particularly among MSM with non-commercial partners. Clinical manifestations were diverse, with certain findings, with several findings-especially anterior chamber and necrotizing posterior inflammation-more frequent in HIV-co-infected individuals.
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Susiyanti et al. (2026) studied this question.
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