In vivo CAR-T engineering: insights from the 2025 ASH annual meeting

In vivo chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T engineering is a prominent field of research in cancer immunology, in which vectors are used to reprogram endogenous T-cells into CAR-T cells. Viral and nonviral platforms presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) offer precise T-cell targeting and efficient CAR expression. Preclinical models demonstrated robust generation of CAR-T cells, potent tumor clearance, and strong clinical translational potential. However, certain limitations remained to be addressed in future studies. This correspondence summarizes the key findings from the meeting, discusses current translational challenges, and highlights future directions.