The inefficiency of municipal water systems in Nigeria has led to significant health and environmental challenges. This review employs systematic literature search methods to identify relevant studies. A mixed-method approach is adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative insights for comprehensive evaluation. Panel-data estimation reveals a moderate improvement in system efficiency over the last decade (proportion of systems improving by about 20%). The review underscores the need for improved policy frameworks and investment in technological upgrades to enhance water system performance. Policy-makers should prioritise stakeholder engagement, robust data collection, and continuous monitoring of municipal water systems efficiency. The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Ajayi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.