Advances in principles and technologies of non-mechanical blood pressure monitoring

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Development history of BP measurement devices. Key milestones in the evolution of blood pressure monitoring. The timeline highlights representative devices and time points. Images are adapted with permission from Springer Nature50,65,175,177,178, AAAS179,180, and ACM14. The Invasive Catheter, Mercury Manometer, and Automated Arm Cuff images are courtesy of Red Roan, Michael V Hayes, and Jacek Halicki, respectively, used under CC BY-SA licenses.

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  Fig. 2. Workflow of intelligent non-mechanical blood pressure monitoring. The process involves four critical stages: sensors to capture biosignals, preprocessing to enhance signal quality, estimation modeling to derive BP values, and calibration to ensure accuracy across individuals and conditions.

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  Fig. 3. Illustration of the simultaneous acquisition and alignment of various non-mechanical biosignals with the invasive arterial blood pressure reference waveform (ABP). rPPG images adapted from13 (Wolters Kluwer Health).