Iron Deficiency Anemia (Ida): A Review

Anemia is a common hematological disorder characterized by a reduction in hemoglobin concentration and red blood cells, leading to decreased oxygen supply to body tissues. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent form and occurs due to inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption, chronic blood loss, parasitic infections, menstruation, pregnancy, and malnutrition. Insufficient iron results in impaired hemoglobin synthesis and the formation of microcytic hypochromic red blood cells, which reduces physical capacity, cognitive performance, and immunity. IDA is especially common among women during adolescence, pregnancy, and childbirth, increasing the risk of maternal and neonatal complications. Serum ferritin is considered the most sensitive indicator for early diagnosis of iron deficiency. Effective management includes dietary diversification, iron supplementation, food fortification, and nutrition education. Oral iron therapy remains the primary treatment and should be continued for several months to restore iron stores. Early detection and appropriate intervention can significantly reduce morbidity and improve quality of life. This study highlights the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and preventive strateg ies of iron deficiency anemia.