Advances in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis: From Immunotherapy to Personalized Medicine

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated neurological disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Over the past two decades, the management of MS has evolved dramatically, transitioning from limited immunomodulatory options to a broad spectrum of disease-modifying therapies and emerging personalized medicine approaches. Advances in immunotherapy have significantly reduced relapse rates and delayed disease progression, while novel biomarkers, genetic profiling, and neuroimaging techniques have enabled more individualized treatment strategies. This article reviews recent advances in the management of multiple sclerosis, focusing on immunotherapeutic developments, emerging treatment modalities, and the growing role of personalized medicine in optimizing patient outcomes.