Understanding the role of multi-level societal intelligence for ensuring robust governance of schools during turbulence

This article aims to examine the utility of a theoretical model of the role of multi-level societal intelligence for contributing to robust governance during societal turbulence. In both case-strudies, multi-level societal intelligence was important for the public governance adaptations and innovations occurring in schools to ensure educational attainment and to protect pupil mental health. The schools in both cases adapted significantly, using online teaching during the initial closures. After reopening, the Danish school expanded outdoor teaching, whereas the Spanish schools returned to normal. Contrary to expectations, resource availability had a limited effect on the ability to provide robust governance solutions.