What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to analyze how government spending on education and health affects the Human Development Index in Indonesia.

The Effect of Government Spending in the Education and Health Sectors on the Human Development Index (HDI) In Indonesia: An Ardl Approach

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Analysis reveals government spending impacts HDI in Indonesia, suggesting budget management and gender equality are crucial.

The aim is to analyze how government spending on education and health affects the Human Development Index in Indonesia.
Used an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach
Analyzed time series data from 1990 to 2023
Included population size, open unemployment rate, and gender ratio as control variables
Education expenditure positively affects HDI in the short term but insignificantly in the long term.
Health expenditure has a significant negative effect on HDI in the long run.
Population size and gender ratio negatively impact HDI in the long term, while unemployment rate has an insignificant effect.

Sembiring et al. (2026) studied this question.

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