Skin cancer is the most common cancer globally, and BCCs and CSCCs do comprise most of the non-melanoma skin cancer. The review summarises new epidemiological evidence (2020-2025), indicating the dynamics in global incidence, long-term WHO forecasts to 2050 and the interaction of genes and the environment as risk factors. Pathophysiological understanding highlights molecular modulations, escape from immune attack and the effects of chronic ultraviolet exposure on the development of tumours. The causes and mechanisms of action section has been reorganised and includes detailed mechanistic descriptions of current treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, with examples of clinical applications. Particular emphasis is laid on the clinical treatment of BCC and CSCC in the older adult population, with references to the latest international guidelines and consideration of psychological and social support in treating patients. The new treatment methods emerging, like nanocarrier, photodynamic therapy, and personalised medicine, are addressed with the recent data on their application and future outlook. Under the new section of prevention and patient education, there is an outline of community awareness programs, campaigns aimed at reducing the burden of the sun, early detection, and evidence-based approaches to reduce the disease burden. Other approaches in technical methods are also reviewed to determine their translational opportunities, comprising hyaluronic acid delivery methods, ultrasonic-assisted nanoparticle penetration, and microneedle technology. Current publications have been used massively, and they constitute more than 50 percent of the provided circulatory content, with publications from the last five years, which adds to their clinical nature and timeliness. Bringing together current epidemiology, new treatment approaches, and patient-focused prevention, this review presents a complete evidence-based source to assist clinicians, researchers, and public health staff in managing the emerging era of skin cancer treatment.
Tripathy et al. (Thu,) studied this question.