When metabolic strategies fall short: The unaddressed role of food addiction

Metabolic syndrome and food addiction frequently co-occur in clinical settings and mutually reinforce each other through overlapping biological pathways. Compulsive overeating in metabolic syndrome is associated with worsening insulin resistance and lipid profiles, while food addiction exacerbates metabolic dysfunction. Converging evidence highlights the roles of insulin and leptin resistance, endocannabinoids, inflammation and altered gut–brain signalling in sensitising reward circuits. Despite validated tools, few studies examine food addiction symptoms and detailed metabolic profiles together. Targeted interventions may improve both conditions. These shared pathways suggest new avenues for individualised treatment and risk assessment.