Genetic diversity and haplotype structure of the CelTOS gene in Plasmodium falciparum from Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: implications for vaccine development and malaria elimination

CelTOS diversity in Jazan is characterised by high haplotype but low nucleotide diversity within a largely panmictic, recombining parasite population. Extensive haplotype sharing across demographic and ecological gradients underscores strong gene flow, supporting cross-border, year-round control strategies and highlighting CelTOS as a relevant marker for vaccine development and molecular surveillance in this elimination setting.