Sex-specific associations between carotid plaque and bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cross-sectional study

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flow chart

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  Fig. 2. Comparison of BMD and T-Scores between Patients with and without Carotid Plaques, Stratified by Sex. The left panel (A) shows BMD values (g/cm²) in men, with a significant difference observed between those with and without carotid plaques (P = 0.013). The right panel (B) illustrates BMD in women, where no significant difference was found between the two groups (P = 0.187). The lower panels (C and D) display T-scores for men and women, respectively. For men (C), there is no significant difference in T-scores between the two groups (P = 0.170). Similarly, for women (D), no significant difference in T-scores was observed (P = 0.345)

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  Fig. 3. Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Osteoporosis. Dependent variables included normal BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Independent variables included carotid plaque presence and various potential confounding factors. Model 1: Adjusted for BMI and duration of T2DM. Model 2: Further adjusted for TC, TG, HDL, and LDL. Model 3: Additionally adjusted for FBG and HbA1c. OR and 95% CI are shown for each model, with significant associations indicated for women (P < 0.05) but not for men