TF Transcription factor NO Nitric oxide ROS Reactive oxygen species QTL Quantitative trait locus meet human nutrient requirements, and this must be fulfilled without harmful impacts on quality while restricting the utilization of pesticides and fertilizers. Thus, on the one hand, crop yield must be increased at a rate of+ 2.5% per year, whereas the recent rate is only+ 1.3%(Langridge et al., 2021). Moreover, on the other hand, biotic stimuli including viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, insect herbivores, and parasitic plants, among others, will cause a loss of crop yield of up to 50% by the 2050s if agronomic managerial tactics and breeding approaches are not followed for biotic stress tolerance (Mertens et al., 2021). Many biochemical and physiological processes collaboratively describe crop yield, where optimum photosynthesis efficiency is believed to be vital for the growth stages in healthy crops (Muhammad et al …
Asma; id_orcid 0000-0002-7919-1588 Moeinzadeh (Wed,) studied this question.