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Systematic review analyzes long-term health effects of ultrafine particles, indicating a need for further studies.
The evidence base on long-term health effects of ultrafine particles has increased substantially in the past decade, while the overall evidence for independent effects of long-term ultrafine particle exposure remains inadequate to low. More studies are needed to draw firm conclusions about the independent adverse effects of long-term ultrafine particles on various health end-points, with a special focus on the influence of co-pollutant adjustment.
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Bergmann et al. (2026) studied this question.
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