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Review highlights ClO2's disinfection efficiency and associated by-products, suggesting a need for further study.
Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is used for disinfection and in some cases pollutant degradation. ClO 2 forms less halogenated by-products than free available chlorine (FAC) but forms chlorite and chlorate as undesired by-products and to some extent FAC. FAC formation may enhance the ClO 2 -based treatment but also form undesired disinfection by-products (DBPs). Halogenated compounds are also formed by intrinsic FAC including brominated and iodinated DBPs. Pre-ozonation, sequential chlorination and biofiltration are common strategies that minimize DBP formation. Further investigation into the formation of intrinsic FAC, especially regarding disinfection mechanisms and DBP formation is required.
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Yin et al. (2026) studied this question.
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