Building an efficient simultaneous aerobic nitrification and denitrification (SAND) system by enhancing interspecies electron transfer (IET)

Key Points

• Improved nitrification and denitrification was observed with enhanced interspecies electron transfer.
• The system demonstrated a 30% increase in nitrogen removal capacity in controlled environments.
• Observational analysis across multiple wastewater samples reveals effective microbial pathways for nutrient cycling.
• The findings may enable more efficient wastewater treatment solutions in diverse settings.