Risk factors associated with solid oral tumors in dogs: a case–control study in São Paulo, Brazil

Introduction Solid oral tumors represent approximately 6% of malignant neoplasms in dogs, with melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and fibrosarcoma identified as the most prevalent types. This case-control study examined internal and external factors associated with their development. Methods Owners of 80 dogs with oral tumors and 95 healthy controls completed a structured epidemiological questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Significant associations were identified regarding age, weight, reproductive status, dietary habits, and environmental exposures, such as barbecue smoke and professional dental cleaning. Discussion These findings suggest potential risk factors, though the study’s observational design requires cautious interpretation. Further investigation through prospective studies is warranted.