Unpacking Victim Blaming: Theoretical Limits in Understanding Male Sexual Minority Victims of Sexual Violence

This narrative literature review investigates the mechanisms underlying victim blaming of male sexual minority victims of sexual violence, focusing on three dominant theoretical frameworks: the Defensive Attribution Hypothesis (DAH), the Just-World Hypothesis (JWH), and the Sexual Attraction Hypothesis (SAH). The review synthesises findings from 39 studies, revealing that while each framework offers partially explanatory value, their applicability to male sexual minorities is limited. DAH’s reliance on perceived similarity is complicated by gender norms and homophobia. JWH’s ideological robustness lacks empirical support in intersectional contexts. SAH’s focus on sexual attraction is challenged by ambiguities around consent and asymmetrical application. The review highlights the need for an integrated, intersectional approach, as no single framework fully accounts for the complex, context-dependent nature of victim blaming in this population. Recommendations include expanding empirical research and developing integrated frameworks that address the interplay of gender, sexuality, and cultural norms.