Conventional cigarettes, novel heated tobacco products, and self-reported frequent headache association in Japanese individuals: Insights from the JASTIS study, a Japanese cross-sectional analysis.

Both current and former cigarette use were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of self-reported frequent headache, and current HTP use also showed a modest but significant association. Although HTPs are often perceived as less harmful, they still emit nicotine and other constituents, which may be associated with self-reported frequent headache.