Community-based organizations (CBOs) and nonprofits are essential to disaster recovery, particularly for marginalized populations like public housing residents. They provide direct services and advocacy, filling gaps when governmental assistance is delayed. However, their capacity is often stretched, especially during compounding disasters. This paper examines the role of CBOs in public housing recovery following the 2020 Southwest earthquakes and COVID-19 in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It explores the challenges CBOs face and how to enhance their effectiveness. Using archival research and interviews, the study highlights how collaboration among CBOs and nonprofits can improve public housing recovery efforts and inform strategies for better engagement.
Khajehei et al. (2026) studied this question.