Differential Effects of Yoga with Breath Regulation versus Stretching on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Functional Fitness in Middle-Aged Women

Purpose: This study investigated the efficacy of yoga incorporating systematic breath regulation (Pranayama) on inflammatory markers and functional physical fitness in middle-aged women. A primary objective was to isolate the specific physiological contribution of breath control by comparing the yoga intervention with a duration- and volume-matched stretching program. Method: A total of sixty-four women were randomized into three groups: a yoga group (Pranayama combined with Asana), a stretching group, and a sedentary control group. The interventions were conducted over 12 weeks, consisting of three 60-minute sessions per week. Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL- 6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and adiponectin, along with various functional fitness parameters, were measured at baseline and after the intervention. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate treatment effects while adjusting for baseline variability. Results: The yoga group demonstrated significant reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α ( p<.05) and showed markedly greater improvements in flexibility, muscular endurance, and balance compared to both the stretching and control groups. However, no statistically significant changes were observed in hs-CRP or adiponectin levels in either intervention group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that yoga incorporating breath regulation provides superior anti- inflammatory benefits and enhances functional fitness compared to conventional stretching alone. The results highlight respiratory modulation as a pivotal therapeutic component of yoga, supporting its use as an effective non-pharmacological strategy for reducing systemic inflammation and promoting healthy aging in middle-aged women.