The Lê–Trịnh Government and Native Chieftains in the Northern Uplands in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam: Focusing on the Lạng Sơn Region

During the eighteenth century, large numbers of Chinese laborers came to work in mines in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam. However, few investigations have been conducted on the responses of native chieftains or the local population to the social fluctuations in this area. Therefore, this article focuses on the survival strategies of native chieftains in the Lạng Sơn region.