This paper examines how the Bay of Bengal maritime network, which preceded the nation-state era, has evolved and continues to influence today’s Tamil-Muslim immigrant community in Malaysia. Since pre-modern times, Tamil Muslims have migrated from South India to the Malay Peninsula, primarily as traders or merchants. They established a cosmopolitan community through partial settlement and intermarriage with local Malays. Despite significant changes to the character of this community during the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries, the migration pattern and the fluidity of members’ ethnic identity persisted into the nation-state era.
Sakine Nakajima (Thu,) studied this question.