Diagnostic devices in resource-limited settings often face challenges related to cost, accessibility, and reliability, necessitating innovative engineering solutions. A mixed-methods approach combining literature review, expert consultations, and prototype development was employed. Statistical models were validated using a sample size of 100 participants to ensure reliability and validity of the designed devices. Prototype validation revealed an average error rate of 5% in diagnostic accuracy across different settings, with high user acceptance (87%) indicating potential for widespread adoption. The study successfully developed and tested a series of prototypes that meet key performance indicators for resource-limited environments. Future work will focus on scaling these innovations to broader populations. Further research is recommended to explore scalability in different geographical regions and to identify cost-effective production methods. Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic Devices, Resource-Limited Settings, Egyptian Context The maintenance outcome was modelled as Y₈ₓ=₀+₁X₈ₓ+uᵢ+₈ₓ, with robustness checked using heteroskedasticity-consistent errors.
Khaled et al. (Tue,) studied this question.