Gastritis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical Implications

Gastritis encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of inflammatory and structural alterations of the gastric mucosa arising from diverse etiologies, including Helicobacter pylori infection, autoimmune processes, and drug-induced mucosal injury. Recent advances in endoscopy technique, histological classification, and mechanistic insights have substantially refined the clinical approach to gastritis, enabling more accurate diagnosis, improved risk stratification for gastric neoplasia, and individualized management strategies. This review integrates current evidence on gastritis, with a focus on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, standardized diagnostic frameworks, H. pylori–related outcomes, and autoimmune gastritis.