Narrative review explores apelin-13's effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes-related complications, suggesting therapeutic potential.
Apelin-13 decreases oxidative stress and inflammation through the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis, protects against cardiac remodeling by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad and NF-κB pathways, and prevents renal fibrosis through AMPK-mediated autophagy. Regulating VEGF and TNF-α signaling helps reduce vascular leakage and neuroinflammation.
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Singla et al. (2026) studied this question.
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