This review demonstrates synergistic effects of waste streams on mechanical properties in cementitious materials, suggesting sustainable building solutions.
The synthesis of cementitious binders incorporating industrial solid waste represents a strategic pathway toward achieving large-scale resource valorization. The synergistic utilization of binary and ternary solid waste systems has emerged as a prominent research field, leveraging the complementary physical and chemical attributes of diverse waste streams. This work systematically evaluates the synergistic effects within multi-component solid waste systems and analyzes their influence on the mechanical properties and hydration kinetics of cementitious matrices. Specifically, the underlying mechanisms of alkali-mediated structural evolution and sulfate-induced microstructural reinforcement are characterized to elucidate the collaborative interactions between different waste phases. Finally, the prevailing technical constraints in the application of multi-component wastes are identified, and strategic directions for future development are proposed. This study provides a vital theoretical framework for the high-volume and cost-effective utilization of industrial by-products as sustainable building materials, contributing to energy conservation and carbon footprint reduction within the construction industry.
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Xue et al. (2026) studied this question.
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