Findings reveal seasonal and sex differences in blood vitamin levels of Hermann's tortoises in Central Europe, indicating health monitoring is essential.
The established reference intervals serve as a basis for health monitoring and for further studies on possible deficiencies or oversupply and their clinical significance. In addition, it was shown that the season of sample collection and the sex should be considered when interpreting blood vitamin levels in tortoises.
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Leineweber et al. (2026) studied this question.
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