The Psychological Impact of Attending Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Volunteer Lay Responders: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review

Severe psychological effects following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were uncommon, but lay responders may experience mild-to-moderate distress influenced by demographics, situational exposure, and social support. This review highlights modifiable factors - targeted training, clear role expectations, and structured post-event support - that can mitigate psychological burden. Strengthening these areas is critical for protecting lay responders, enhancing the resilience of volunteer programs, and sustaining the Chain of Survival.