What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to develop a framework for predicting surface settlement during shield tunneling in mixed geological conditions.

Analytical Prediction of Ground Settlement Induced by Shield Tunneling in Upper‐Soft and Lower‐Hard Inclined Strata

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This analysis predicts surface settlement in inclined strata, indicating a new methodology for engineering applications.

The study aims to develop a framework for predicting surface settlement during shield tunneling in mixed geological conditions.
Developed a generalized model for radial convergence of soil.
Evaluated the Peck formula using one-dimensional linear regression.
Derived analytical expressions for surface settlement related to strata characteristics.
Validated methodology with data from the Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel project.
Maximum settlement and settlement trough offset significantly affect deformation profiles.
Relative significance of these parameters varies with strata configurations.
The proposed model offers practical predictions for real-time assessment and risk management.

Li et al. (2026) studied this question.

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