What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to assess the Indonesian Army's defence R&D ecosystem and identify barriers to innovation.

March 10, 2026Open Access

Innovation and Investment Strategies to Strengthen the Defence Industry and the Research and Development Capabilities of the Indonesian Army Through Triple Helix Collaboration

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This evaluation highlights gaps in Indonesia's defence R&D ecosystem, suggesting improvements for national defence governance.

The aim is to assess the Indonesian Army's defence R&D ecosystem and identify barriers to innovation.
Conducted qualitative policy document analysis
Analyzed quantitative prototype data from 2006 to 2024
Performed an international comparative study with Turkey, Brazil, Portugal, and South Korea
Only 3.9% of evaluated prototypes entered mass production
Identified structural barriers in the downstream phase of R&D
Found significant gaps in policy implementation regarding certification and IPR

Turnip et al. (2025) studied this question.

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