Nano‐Enhanced Reverse Osmosis: A Next‐Generation Approach to Desalination

Due to rising industrial pollution and the increasing scarcity of freshwater supplies, there is a crucial need for effective and sustainable approach for water purification. However, typical reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have a limited shelf‐life because of fouling of the membranes, decreasing salt rejection rate, and the decline in water flux with ageing. Thus, the modification of membranes has attracted significant interest nowadays, with nanomaterials being thoroughly examined to enhance membrane effectiveness and durability. An overview of the several nanomaterials utilized for membrane enhancement is given, such as metal and metal oxide‐based and carbon‐based. These nanoparticles displayed substantial influence when it comes to rejection of salt, chlorine's resistance, water flux, and also having antifouling features of thin‐film nanocomposite membranes with respect as usual thin‐film composite membranes. Conversely, hybrid membranes offer potential but are still in the initial phases of their invention and have challenges with system integration and material cost. The paper also gives an in‐depth assessment of the economic analysis, life cycle assessments, and research challenges connected to the modification of RO membranes utilizing nanomaterials. Overall, this review provides helpful insight into the utilization of nanomaterials to enhance RO membranes, providing a thorough understanding of the challenges, and potential future developments of this complex topic.