The pharmacological actions of berberine: from a traditional medicine to modern polypharmacology

“In recent years, research into the pharmacological properties of plant-derived medicines has garnered substantial scientific interest, providing promising avenues for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid originally isolated from herbaceous plant Coptis chinensis. This alkaloid has attracted significant attention due to its broad spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. In this manuscript, we highlight the pharmacokinetic profile and associated challenges of BBR, its diverse pharmacological effects mediated through multiple mechanisms, as well as clinical research findings, safety profile, existing challenges, and future perspectives. Contemporary scientific investigations into BBR have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying traditional Chinese medicine, while also provided a valuable theoretical framework and practical basis for the development of novel pharmaceutical agents.”