Transformation of Scientific Approaches to the Study of Tourism and Recreation Systems

Background. Territorial recreational systems (TRS) are a significant area of study in recreational geography, integrating natural, social, and economic components to meet human needs for leisure, recreation, and tourism. The concept of TRS, introduced by V. S. Preobrazhensky in the 1960s, has undergone significant evolution, reflecting the transition from a planned to a market economy, where tourism has become a key sector. Contemporary challenges such as globalization, urbanization, the growth of tourist flows, ecological constraints, and informatization necessitate a rethinking of TRS as a tool for sustainable development and economic growth. Methods. The research is based on the application of systemic and system-structural approaches, which allow TRS to be viewed as integral geographical entities. Classification methods were used to distinguish types of TRS and their components, while synthesis methods helped generalize the evolutionary stages in the development of TRS theory. The analysis considered current trends such as sustainability, informatization, and commercialization of tourism, emphasizing an interdisciplinary approach that combines geography, economics, and ecology. Results. The article systematizes the stages in the evolution of the TRS concept: from the early studies of the 1960s focused on the social organization of recreation to modern integrated models that account for economic efficiency, ecological stability, and global challenges. The key elements of TRS (recreationists, natural resources, infrastructure, management) and their interrelations forming the spatial organization of the system are identified. A comparative analysis of models (by V. S. Preobrazhensky, V. I. Pavlov, L. M. Cherchyk, and I. V. Smal) revealed a shift from static structural approaches to dynamic functional-component models emphasizing system–environment interaction. The main stages of TRS conceptual development were distinguished, ranging from local planning models to the recognition of TRS as dynamic, open systems that form the basis for regional tourism clusters. Modern trends such as the integration of sustainability, management, and marketing principles, as well as the necessity of considering the regional specificities of Ukraine, are highlighted. Conclusions. The concept of a territorial recreational system has evolved from a narrowly specialized geographical notion into an interdisciplinary tool for regional management. Further development of TRS theory requires improving management methodologies, integrating geoinformation technologies, and developing strategies to balance tourist flows and resource preservation — especially in the context of global challenges such as climate change and urbanization. The study results can inform the design of regional tourism development strategies.