Optimization of Edible Film Properties Derived From Mature and Young Sugar Palm ( Arenga pinnata ) Fruits Using CMC and Glycerol

Arenga pinnata fruit contains heteropolysaccharides and shows potential as a raw material for edible film production. Unlike previous studies that focused on isolating galactomannan from young fruits, this research introduces an innovative approach by utilizing whole extracts from both maturity stages (young and mature) without an isolation process, simplifying preparation and leveraging the natural complexity of fruit components. This study is aimed at optimizing edible film formulations by incorporating glycerol (1%, 2%, and 3% [ v / v ]) and carboxymethyl cellulose (0%, 0.25%, and 0.5% [ w / v ]) into extracts from both maturity stages. A 2 × 3 × 3 full factorial design with three replications was employed to evaluate the effects of fruit maturity, glycerol concentration, and CMC concentration on film properties. Results demonstrated that glycerol and CMC supplementation increased film thickness and elongation at break while reducing water solubility, light opacity, and tensile strength. Glycerol addition elevated water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), whereas CMC incorporation significantly improved moisture barrier properties. Contact angle measurements revealed that films from mature fruits were hydrophobic (CA > 90 ° ), while those from young fruits were hydrophilic (CA < 90 ° ). Through a comprehensive analysis of physical and barrier properties, the optimal formulation was identified as mature fruit extract with 2% glycerol and 0.25% CMC, demonstrating effective packaging properties, that is, lower WVTR, higher elasticity, lower thickness, and lower solubility