Analysis highlights supply chain risks and mitigation strategies for the steel industry amid resource concentration.
Steel industry faces unprecedented raw materials security risks through supply chain weaponisation. Australia controls 54% of metallurgical coal, China dominates rare earths essential for hydrogen-resistant steel. Geographic concentration in ferroalloys, graphite electrodes creates vulnerabilities. Strategic mitigation requires diversification, stockpiling, technology hedging with H2-DRI and EAF capabilities, energy input flexibility.
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Andrzej M. Kotas (2025) studied this question.
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