Promoted Cadmium Catalysts Supported on TiO ₂ for Efficient CO ₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol

Among various CO₂ utilization strategies, methanol synthesis via hydrogenation has been extensively studied due to its technological maturity and broad downstream applications. However, the development of catalysts that simultaneously provide high activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness remains challenging. This work investigates cadmium-based catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, examining the influence of support composition, crystal phase, and metal promotion on catalytic performance. It was found that Cu-promoted cadmium sites supported on TiO₂ with a mixed-phase of anatase and rutile markedly enhanced catalytic performance. Under optimized conditions (5 MPa and 290°C), the CdCu/TiO₂ catalyst achieved a methanol selectivity of 82% at a CO₂ conversion of 15% or a methanol selectivity of 78% at a CO₂ conversion of 18% at different space velocities. Our characterization demonstrates that the loading of cadmium onto mixed-phase TiO₂ provides weak basic sites that favor CO₂ adsorption and activation. The combination with a trace of Cu facilitates the reduction of cadmium, thus promoting the hydrogenation reactivity. The synergistic interaction among Cd, Cu, and the mixed-phase TiO₂ collectively promotes methanol formation. This study demonstrates a cost-effective and alternative catalyst for CO₂ hydrogenation and offers insights into structure-activity relationships for catalyst design.