Systematic review finds fluoroless techniques maintain safety and efficacy in stone treatment, suggesting a shift to less radiation exposure.
Fluoroless ultrasound-guided PCNL demonstrates superior safety with maintained efficacy compared with fluoroscopy-guided techniques. Fluoroless URS shows equivalent safety and efficacy with minimal operative time differences. These findings support transitioning from fluoroscopy-dependent to fluoroscopy-optional endourology, aligning with radiation safety principles while maintaining optimal patient outcomes.
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Castellani et al. (2026) studied this question.
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