Electrophysiology Consumables Procurement in Europe: Implications for Access, Innovation and Value-Based Care

Figures

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  Figure 1. Map showing the number of interviewees per country involved in the study.

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  Figure 2. Distribution of procurement models. Countries categorized by dominant level (hospital, regional, or national) based on expert interviews. This figure illustrates the primary procurement governance models for EP consumables reported across 21 European countries. Procurement levels are categorized as hospital level, regional, or national, based on stakeholder interviews. Hospital-based procurement dominates in 43% of countries, while 33% follow regional models and a minority utilize national-level frameworks. This variability reflects differing health system structures and degrees of centralization, with implications for standardization, efficiency, and equity in technology access.

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  Figure 3. Weight of pricing vs. technical criteria in procurement decisions. This figure displays the predominant evaluation approaches used in public procurement of EP consumables across Europe. Countries are grouped based on the relative weight assigned to price vs. technical/clinical criteria. Models include price-driven, mixed, MEAT, or clinical-led scoring. The figure highlights substantial variation: while some systems prioritize cost minimization, others incorporate clinical value, clinician input, or broader VBHC metrics. This heterogeneity may impact innovation adoption and patient outcomes.