Air Pollution Sources, Impacts, and Control Measures in Urban Lagos, Nigeria

Urban Lagos faces significant air pollution challenges due to rapid industrialization and vehicular emissions. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles from databases including Web of Science and Scopus, focusing on studies published between and . Keywords included 'air pollution', 'Lagos', 'urban air quality', and 'control measures'. Findings indicate that vehicular emissions are the primary source of urban air pollution in Lagos, accounting for approximately 65% of total pollutants. Urban planning interventions such as implementing congestion charges and promoting public transportation have shown promise in mitigating air pollution. Policy-makers should prioritise the enforcement of emission standards for vehicles and promote sustainable urban development strategies to improve air quality. The empirical specification follows Y=β₀+β^ X+ε, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.