Abstract This study presents an automatic irrigation and fertilization system designed to provide a smart, real-time, and cost-effective solution for modern agriculture. The system integrates soil moisture sensors, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, a water pump, and fertilizer dispensing valves to maintain optimal soil conditions. Soil moisture is continuously monitored, and irrigation is activated only when required, reducing water wastage and ensuring proper hydration. A programmed fertilization module delivers precise nutrient quantities, minimizing human error and preventing over-fertilization associated with conventional manual practices. A functional prototype was developed and evaluated under controlled conditions. Experimental results showed nearly a 40% reduction in irrigation cycles compared to manual methods, demonstrating significant improvement in water-use efficiency. Fertilizer distribution was more uniform, leading to healthier root systems, improved soil structure, and enhanced crop quality. Data analysis revealed a strong correlation between automated water–nutrient management and improved plant growth. The study further evaluates system affordability, scalability, and suitability for small and medium-scale farmers, particularly in rural and resource-limited regions. The modular and low-cost design allows customization based on crop type, soil characteristics, farm size, and climatic conditions. Future enhancements include integration of IoT, GSM modules, and mobile applications for remote monitoring and predictive analysis.
Pawar et al. (Sat,) studied this question.