Smart Semiconductor Nano‐Bio‐Interface at the Nanoscale

This review provides a comprehensive examination of smart semiconductor nano‐bio‐interfaces. We start with fundamental aspects of semiconductor nanomaterials—including their structures, properties, and synthesis strategies. We then explore a hierarchical perspective on nano‐bio‐interfaces—from engineered surface modifications and interfacial forces to direct interfaces with biomolecules (DNA, proteins)—and extend to the complex interactions between semiconductor nanomaterials and living cells, addressing both the uptake of exogenous nanomaterials and the endogenous biosynthesis of semiconductors via synthetic biology. Finally, we analyze semiconductor‐mediated electron‐transfer processes in biological media and biodevices, which enable semiconductors to function as sensors and actuators in complex biological systems. By elucidating these principles, we highlight emerging strategies in designing and (re)constructing intelligent, bioresponsive, and energy‐active semiconductor‐bio platforms for next‐generation healthcare and biotechnology.