Effects of natural and artificial shade on behavior, physiology, and productivity in water buffalo: a narrative review

Although water buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) are a species known for their adaptability to different environments, their anatomical characteristics make them susceptible to heat stress in hot-humid climate conditions. In productive systems, the provision of natural or artificial shade is an alternative to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress and maintain the animals' thermal balance. However, most of the research addressing shade provision is focused on Bos taurus and Bos indicus species. Thus, the present review aims to discuss the effects of providing natural or artificial shade on physiological, behavioral, and productive parameters of water buffalo as a management strategy to mitigate thermal stress. Some studies in cattle will be used to compare and analyze the effect of shade on animal welfare.