"background": "Cost-effectiveness analysis in manufacturing systems within developing economies is often hampered by sparse, heterogeneous data and the need to integrate multi-level operational uncertainties. Traditional deterministic models fail to adequately quantify these uncertainties, limiting robust decision-making for plant investment and policy. ", "purpose and objectives": "This study presents a methodological evaluation of a novel Bayesian hierarchical model designed for cost-effectiveness analysis of manufacturing systems. The objective is to provide a robust framework that quantifies uncertainty and borrows strength across related manufacturing units to improve inference where data are limited. ", "methodology": "The proposed model is structured as y{ij \ (\ + \ + \ xij, \²), with \ \ (0, \²), where yij is a cost-effectiveness metric for plant i under condition j, \ captures plant-level random effects, and x₈₉ denotes covariates. The methodology was evaluated using simulated data reflecting Rwandan industrial conditions and a case study of agro-processing plants. Posterior distributions were estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. ", "findings": "The model demonstrated superior performance in uncertainty quantification compared to frequentist alternatives, with 95% credible intervals for incremental cost-effectiveness ratios achieving nominal coverage in simulation. A key finding was that incorporating hierarchical structure reduced the width of credible intervals for plant-specific estimates by approximately 22% on average, indicating significantly improved precision. ", "conclusion": "The Bayesian hierarchical model offers a statistically rigorous methodological advance for cost-effectiveness analysis in data-scarce manufacturing contexts. It effectively synthesises information across a system while providing full probabilistic inference on key economic parameters. ", "recommendations": "Adoption of this modelling framework is recommended for engineers and policymakers conducting techno-economic evaluations of manufacturing systems in similar developing economies. Future work should focus on integrating time-series data and non-Gaussian likelihoods for broader applicability. ", "key words": "Bayesian
Uwimana et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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