Abstract Soil liquefaction triggered by seismic loading remains one of the most critical geohazards, threatening the integrity of infrastructure and human safety in earthquake-prone regions. A key mechanism behind liquefaction refers to the gradual rise of additional pore water pressure in the soil matrix, resulting in reduced effective stress and significantly weakens soil stiffness and strength. This paper presents a detailed review of the main predictive models of pore‐pressure rise developed for liquefaction assessment, classifying them as stress, strain, and energy based categories. Each group is analyzed in terms of theoretical basis, predictive capabilities, and limitations under different seismic conditions. Emphasis is placed on the importance of selecting models appropriate to soil types and loading characteristics. The study also introduces enhanced modeling concepts, such as the damage parameter and pseudo energy capacity, which aim to improve prediction accuracy. The findings of this review offer valuable insight for improving liquefaction modeling in seismic hazard analysis, contributing to safer and more resilient geotechnical design practices.
Arslan et al. (Thu,) studied this question.