Relationship Between Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles Activity and Medial Elbow Joint Gapping Distance During Repetitive Baseball Pitching

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Increased pitch count during baseball pitching leads to changes in forearm flexor-pronator muscle activation and correlates with medial elbow joint gapping. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.NOVEL_FINDING. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

Wataru Machida; R. Nakazawa; Yota Abe; Yuta Mogi; Tomoyuki Asakura; Takehiko Yamaji; Yoshinori Kachi; Ryohei Saito; Tsuyoshi Tajika

doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101694

March 1, 2026JSES InternationalOpen Access

Relationship Between Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles Activity and Medial Elbow Joint Gapping Distance During Repetitive Baseball Pitching

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Key Points

To explore changes in forearm flexor-pronator muscle activity and their relationship with medial elbow joint gapping during repetitive baseball pitching.
Fifteen healthy adult males performed 100 maximal-effort baseball pitches.
Surface electromyography recorded muscle activity of the forearm flexor-pronator muscles.
Medial elbow joint gapping assessed using ultrasonography at rest and under valgus stress.
Subjective fatigue measured with a Visual Analog Scale before and after designated pitches.
Peak flexor carpi radialis activity was significantly higher in the 80th pitch compared to the 20th pitch.
Medial elbow joint gapping increased significantly after 100 pitches and during valgus stress from the 60th pitch.
Positive correlations were found between changes in joint gapping and activities of the pronator teres and flexor carpi ulnaris.

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Implication

Observational study examines muscle activity and joint gapping in baseball pitchers, indicating crucial injury prevention insights.

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Cite This Study

Machida et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69b64c9ab42794e3e660dd05 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101694

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Relationship Between Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles Activity and Medial Elbow Joint Gapping Distance During Repetitive Baseball Pitching

Key Points

No abstract yet

Implication

Discussion

Cite This Study

Relationship Between Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles Activity and Medial Elbow Joint Gapping Distance During Repetitive Baseball Pitching

Key Points

No abstract yet

Implication

Discussion

Cite This Study

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