Water scarcity is a significant challenge in urban areas of Kenya, affecting public health and economic productivity. Municipal water systems play a crucial role in addressing these issues but their effectiveness varies widely. A qualitative research design was employed with data collected through interviews and observations. The DiD model was used to analyse changes in water quality and quantity before and after a specific policy intervention. The analysis revealed that the DiD method effectively highlighted improvements in water supply reliability, though challenges such as intermittent water access persisted in certain areas. The DiD approach provided valuable insights into the efficacy of municipal water systems but also exposed persistent issues requiring further investigation and intervention strategies. Future studies should consider expanding the sample to include more diverse regions and incorporate longitudinal data for a comprehensive evaluation. Municipal Water Systems, Difference-in-Differences, Clinical Outcomes, Kenya The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Kiunjuri et al. (Fri,) studied this question.