Climate Change and Arboviral Diseases: Anticipating the Increased Burden of Dengue and Yellow Fever in a Changing World

Arboviral diseases such as dengue and yellow fever remain global challenges, especially in tropical and subtropical countries, due to their impact on morbidity, mortality, and the economy. This study aims to review factors related to climate change that affect the epidemiological behavior of these diseases, from a One Health perspective. A narrative literature review from 2015 to 2025 was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, and Web of Science, including original articles, systematic reviews, and technical documents on the relationship between climate change, dengue, and yellow fever, with emphasis on data on vector distribution and epidemiological patterns. Climate change, such as rising temperatures and irregular rainfall, directly impacts the expansion of areas favorable for vector reproduction, especially Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes. Global warming and urbanization favor closer contact between sylvatic and urban cycles, increasing the risk of outbreaks and introduction of disease into new regions. Predictive models indicate potential spread of vectors into previously non-endemic zones, complicating control and requiring constant surveillance. The interaction between climate, environment, and human action intensifies the challenge for health systems. Integrating a One Health approach is crucial to controlling arboviral diseases in the face of climate change. Active surveillance, use of predictive models, and interdisciplinary actions are needed to mitigate impacts. Strengthening research, health education, and international collaboration are essential to prepare effective responses to the increased risks posed by dengue and yellow fever in a rapidly changing environmental scenario.