In democratic countries, political parties participate effectively in the public policy-making process, as participation is governed by constitutional rules and a set of other laws and institutional systems prevailing in the state. However, participation is not absolute. Rather, there is a political framework surrounding and influencing political parties, such as ideology, the nature of the political system, the party's influence in the political community, and the extent of its participation in the political process, which leads to its actual participation in the state's public policy-making process. Political parties' participation occurs according to distinct stages, each of which differs from the other. Examples of these stages are: the stage of mass mobilization; the stage of participation in political elections; the stage of enacting laws after obtaining a number of seats in the legislative authority; the stage of implementing and analyzing public policy after its formulation; and finally, the stage of feedback, in which the party evaluates its role in its participation in the public policy-making process. Political parties also resort to specific tools in their participation in the formulation of public policy in the state, such as mobilizing public opinion, political alliances, election campaigns, media outlets, and political propaganda. These tools then include the submission of draft laws and their enactment through the legislative authority, which drafts the state's public policy laws. Finally, the process of formulating public policy in a country is not an easy one. Rather, it faces difficulties and challenges. Political parties face these difficulties and challenges at the party level, the national level, and external influences, not to mention external interventions that attempt to direct and formulate these policies to their own advantage.
أ. د. سردار محي الدين (Sun,) studied this question.